It’s heartbreaking to watch former National Football League (NFL) players struggle with memory loss, mood changes, and CTE. 

A new review from Christopher Giza and Mayumi Prins at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA traces how far the science has come, from an early framework focused on the brain’s metabolic chaos after concussion to a much richer picture spanning molecular, cellular, network, and whole-body changes. 

That deeper understanding is helping researchers build better biomarkers and imaging tools to diagnose and predict outcomes. For the players and families living with these effects, it’s a real step toward better care. 

Read the entire paper: Evolution of the Neurometabolic Cascade of Traumatic Brain Injury